Provision Newsletter

Why you might be finding it difficult to save and what to do about it

Whether it’s uploading mindfulness apps, calling out unconscious bias at work or watching Todd Sampson redesigning his brain on the ABC, we’ve never been more interested in how we tick.

And that’s especially the case when it comes to money—how we spend and how we save.

But you don’t have to go to quite such extremes as Todd—there’s no need to escape from underwater shackles or skywalk between two high-rise buildings to investigate how the brain works.

Knowledge is power. The more you’re aware of how your mind works the more you can adjust your attitude towards money.

Six cognitive biases that influence how we save, spend and invest money

We like to think we’re rational beings. But the reality is that a lot of our daily behaviour is influenced by our subconscious.

Behavioural scientists have looked at the way human beings are wired and discovered some ‘cognitive biases’ that influence our everyday behaviour¹.

So if you find yourself clicking on that Amazon special or buying lunch at the same expensive cafe near work every day, they could explain why it’s so difficult to stick to your spending limits or saving plan.

Here are a few of their insights into how our minds work.

1. We tend to discount the future.

   We value immediate rewards over rewards in the distant future. This tendency to want instant gratification is hard wired from birth. Studies have shown that children find it hard to stop themselves eating a treat even when a bigger and better treat is offered for those who wait for a few minutes. And ‘discounting the future’ doesn’t stop when you reach adulthood. It could explain why it’s hard to get too excited about saving for your retirement in your 20s. But the earlier you start planning, the more you’ll be able to put away.

2. We tend to feel the pain of a loss more than the pleasure of a gain.

   You can see an extreme example of this sort of behaviour at the casino when gamblers chase their losses. This ‘loss aversion’ can also manifest itself in continuing to commit to a poor investment because you’ve already put a lot of money into it. It can help to think long term and avoid focusing on short-term fluctuations in the value of your investments.

3. We tend to follow the herd.

   Much as we like to think of ourselves as independent human beings, we tend to look to others for affirmation. Think about the rush to secure seats for the concert when you know that everyone else is using the online booking system. It’s all about FOMO. This sort of ‘herd mentality’ can work in a positive way. Just a generation or two ago it was socially acceptable to smoke in restaurants or to drive without a seatbelt. Now it’s unthinkable. When it comes to money, this ‘herd mentality’ can manifest itself after stock market downturns, when investors start panicking and selling up, even though rationally this will crystallise their losses. It can help to shut out daily market noise and focus on long-term goals.

4. We tend to think things are more likely to happen than they are.

   You can see this in the popularity of lotteries around the world. While the chances of winning are infinitesimal, the winners get a lot of publicity, which makes us think it’s more likely to happen. But at least the lottery is relatively harmless. Thanks to the global mass media, this ‘availability bias’ often focuses on bad events like kidnapping, plane crashes or stock market downturns. Investors who experience a market crash like the GFC over-estimate the chances of the same thing happening again, even though statistically it’s unlikely. It can lead to people saving for retirement changing their investment preferences to lower risk investments, even though this may not be in their best interests as their long-term returns struggle to keep pace with inflation.

5. We tend to favour recent reference points when making decisions.

   This ‘anchoring bias’ can make it easy to overspend in shopping malls. When you first see a pair of shoes for $200 and then a similar pair for $150 it’s easy to anchor on the first amount and perceive $150 as a great bargain. And these days it doesn’t stop when you leave the mall—online shopping means plenty more opportunities for that anchor to embed itself and end up in an unwanted purchase. To counter this, try setting your own ‘base price’ before you set out shopping and stick to it. You can also see anchoring in practice when investors rush in to buy stocks that have just plunged in value without looking at the underlying performance of the company. They have made the mistake of anchoring the recent high point in their mind.

6. We tend to be a bit lazy.

   We tend to stick with current plans rather than change if it’s too much hassle. This is probably why so many of us stay with our utility providers rather than shopping around for a better deal. If you find yourself suffering from ‘status quo bias’, try making a start with one area of the household finances—say, your electricity bill—to make it more manageable, rather than trying to tackle everything at once.

1 If you’d like to know more about how our unconscious mind affects our decision making when it comes to saving and spending money, here’s some bedtime reading: Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman; Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein; Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions by Dan Ariely.

Source : AMP March 2019

Important:
This information is provided by AMP Life Limited. It is general information only and hasn’t taken your circumstances into account. It’s important to consider your particular circumstances and the relevant Product Disclosure Statement or Terms and Conditions, available by calling |PHONE|, before deciding what’s right for you.

All information in this article is subject to change without notice. Although the information is from sources considered reliable, AMP and our company do not guarantee that it is accurate or complete. You should not rely upon it and should seek professional advice before making any financial decision. Except where liability under any statute cannot be excluded, AMP and our company do not accept any liability for any resulting loss or damage of the reader or any other person.

The past week has seen a renewed intensification of concerns about global growth. Bond yields have plunged and associated growth worries have weighed on share markets. This note looks at the global growth outlook, why shares are vulnerable to a pullback and why it’s unlikely to be a resumption of last year’s downtrend.

Background

But first some perspective. At their lows back in December global shares had fallen 18% from their highs with US shares down 20% and Australian shares down 14% and many were convinced that recession was around the corner. Since then share markets have staged an impressive rebound with global shares rising 18%, US shares up 21% and Australian shares up 14%. So the 2% or so fall in shares seen in the past few days is a bit of a non-event.

Source: Bloomberg, AMP Capital

Late last year investor sentiment had become very negative and since then many of the fears that had depressed shares have faded: the Fed has become more dovish and less threatening to the US growth outlook; other central banks have actually eased notably in China and Europe; the Chinese authorities have shifted from cutting debt to stimulating growth; the US partial government shutdown has ended; the US and China look to be heading towards a trade deal; and fears around recession faded. And so shares rebounded.

However, after a 20% plunge as seen in US shares last year it’s unusual to have a deep V rebound like that since December, shares had become technically overbought & some measures of investor sentiment have become complacent. More fundamentally, there are several “worries” that could impact share markets – notably around growth. And this is being reflected in plunging bond yields & an inverted US yield curve. This has all left shares vulnerable to a short term pull back.

Growth worries and plunging bond yields

The problem now is that while some of the worries from last year have faded, global growth looks to be continuing to slow. Particularly disappointing in this regard were March business conditions PMIs which showed falls in the US and Europe and continuing weakness in Japan (and Australia).

Source: Bloomberg, AMP Capital

The weakness in growth indicators along with the “great retreat” back to dovishness and monetary easing by central banks aided by falling inflation has seen a renewed plunge in bond yields.

Source: Global Financial Data, AMP Capital

This has seen US yields fall to levels not seen since 2017, German and Japanese bond yields go negative again and Australian bond yields fall to a record low.

The decline in US bond yields has added to growth fears by pushing various measures of the yield curve to flat or negative. A negative, or inverted, US yield curve – ie when long-term bond yields fall below short-term rates – has preceded US recessions so it’s natural for investors to be concerned. The gap between the US 10-year bond yield and the 2-year bond yield has now fallen to just 0.22%, the gap between the 10-year bond yield and the Fed Funds rate has fallen to just 0.02% and the gap between the 2-year bond yield and the Fed Funds rate has fallen to -0.02%.

Source: NBER, Bloomberg, AMP Capital

But there are several things to allow for before getting sucked into the current frenzy around an inverted yield curve. First, the yield curve can give false signals (circled on the chart).

Second, the lag from an inverted curve to a recession has been around 15 months. So even if it becomes decisively inverted now recession may not come till mid next year. Historically the share market has peaked 3-6 months before recessions, so it’s too far away for markets to anticipate. After US yield curve inversions in 1989, 1998 and 2006 US shares first rallied more than 20%.

Third, various factors may be flattening the US yield curve which may not be indicative of an approaching US recession including the Fed’s new-found dovishness, negative German and Japanese bond yields holding down US yields, the realisation that central banks won’t be dumping their bond holdings and high investor demand for bonds post the GFC as they have proven to be a good diversifier – rallying every time shares have a major fall.
Fourth, other indicators suggest that US monetary policy is far from tight – the real Fed Fund rate is barely positive, and the nominal Fed Funds rate is well below nominal GDP growth and both are far from levels that have preceded US recessions.

Finally, we are yet to see the sort of excesses that precede US recessions: wages growth is still moderate, inflation is benign, there has been no boom in consumer spending, investment or housing construction, and private debt growth overall has been modest. It may also be argued that President Trump will do whatever he can to avoid recession next year as US presidents don’t get re-elected when unemployment is rising.

So while the US yield curve may be flashing a warning sign and should be watched its short comings need to be allowed for and other indicators are not foreshadowing a US recession. This is important because the historical experience tells us that what happens in the US is critical to how deep share market falls get. Deep (“grizzly”) bear markets are invariably associated with US recession. Our view remains that US recession is not imminent and last year’s share market falls are unlikely to be the start of a deep bear market.

More broadly, global growth is likely to pick up into the second half reflecting policy stimulus & reduced trade war fears. Signs of green shoots in terms of global growth include Chinese credit and investment, US data for retail sales, capital goods orders and consumer confidence and Eurozone industrial production.

But what about the risks around global trade, Brexit and the Mueller inquiry?

These could cause a share market pullback but none look significant enough to cause a resumption of last year’s falls:

• US and China trade negotiations continue to see argy bargy but look to be on track to a significant deal in terms of reducing trade barriers and protecting intellectual property as it’s in both sides’ interests (particularly Trump’s who doesn’t want a trade war depressing the economy and shares and ruining his 2020 re-election prospects). But a deal with China would beg the question of whether Trump will then turn his attention to trade with Europe starting with auto tariffs. However, our assessment is that he probably won’t: America’s trade deficit with Europe is small compared to that with China; public and Congressional support for a trade war with Europe is low; most of Trump’s advisers are against it; the EU would retaliate and this would badly affect states that support Trump that export to Europe; it would be a new blow to confidence and share markets ahead of Trump’s 2020 re-election campaign.

• The Brexit soap opera continues to create huge risks for the UK but it’s a second order issue globally. 46% of UK exports go to the EU but only 6% of EU exports go to the UK, so Brexit means far more for the UK economy that it does to the EU! Given the threat to the UK economy, the issue around the Irish border and that the 2016 Brexit vote was around immigration and sovereignty but not free trade with the EU, a soft Brexit or no Brexit (after another referendum) is more likely than a hard or no deal Brexit. What happens in the Eurozone though is far more significant than Brexit.

• Finally, despite the hopes of Democrats it looks like the Mueller inquiry has failed to come up a smoking gun significant enough to see Trump removed from office. 

What about Australian bond yields at a record low?

The plunge in Australian bond yields to a record low of 1.78% (below 2016’s low of 1.81%) reflects a combination of weak economic data locally causing the fixed interest market to price in RBA rate cuts and falling bond yields globally. We remain of the view that Australian bonds will outperform global bonds (reflecting RBA easing at a time of the Fed holding) and that the Australian share market will continue to underperform global shares (as earnings growth locally lags that globally in response to weaker economic conditions in Australia). We continue to see the RBA cutting rates twice this year.

Concluding comments

Share markets are due a correction or pullback after rallying strongly since their December lows and worries about inverted yields curves and the growth outlook could provide the trigger. But US and global recession still looks to be a fair way off and we continue to see this being a reasonably good year for shares. The continuing fall in bond yields is not necessarily inconsistent with rising share markets (in 2016 shares bottomed in February and bond yields didn’t bottom till July/August!) but it does highlight that the post GFC environment of constrained growth and inflation and low rates remains alive and well.

Author: Dr Shane Oliver, Head of Investment Strategy and Economics and Chief Economist, AMP Capital Sydney, Australia

Source: AMP Capital 26 March 2019

Important notes: While every care has been taken in the preparation of this article, AMP Capital Investors Limited (ABN 59 001 777 591, AFSL 232497) and AMP Capital Funds Management Limited (ABN 15 159 557 721, AFSL 426455) (AMP Capital) makes no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of any statement in it including, without limitation, any forecasts. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. This article has been prepared for the purpose of providing general information, without taking account of any particular investor’s objectives, financial situation or needs. An investor should, before making any investment decisions, consider the appropriateness of the information in this article, and seek professional advice, having regard to the investor’s objectives, financial situation and needs. This article is solely for the use of the party to whom it is provided and must not be provided to any other person or entity without the express written consent of AMP Capital.

By Flying Solo contributor Karen Valadares

All praise to the internet for making it easier to work on the go! It still amazes me that carrying around a laptop and a phone allows us to manage our businesses while travelling long term.

But adopting this dreamy lifestyle needs a bit of planning to make it work.

I know this because I worked as a freelance digital nomad from May 2015 to September 2016, while I travelled to 25 countries with my husband.

From January 2018 to September 2018, we hit the road again. This time, I ran my new business while witnessing Carnival in Brazil, the World Cup in Russia, and the Romantic Road in Germany.

From these experiences I’ve collected five steps to help you keep your sense of adventure as you discover the world, with your business in tow.

“Traditional travel industry information may not apply to you.”

1. Travel slooooow

Getting to new places always comes with a period of adjustment. You have to learn your way around a new town and keep control of your desire to go about as if you were only there on holiday.

If you have only five days in one city, it is really hard to control that desire, but if you are spending one month there, you do have time to focus on work as well as visit new places. And you can do both really well.

When you travel slow you allow yourself time to work AND time to get to know the surroundings and experience the culture.

My recommendation: plan one-month minimum stay in each place.

2. Choose suitable places to work from

I’ve worked from coffee shops, restaurants, and hotel rooms. As cool as it might seem at first, working from places like these becomes hard over time. Sometimes the internet might be slow or, shockingly, not available. The surroundings may be distracting, or too lonely. These interferences will negatively affect your productivity.

Over the last months, I worked from co-working offices and even tried a co-living space. The stable internet connection, nice chairs and air conditioning were the highlights for me in these spaces. The added benefit was meeting people who have the same challenges and dreams as I do, as they work and run their business remotely.

My recommendation: look into co-working and co-living spaces.

3. Get online tools to do the heavy lifting for you

Saving a few hours every week is certainly a goal when you run your business. Add the extra challenges of being on the road and you will soon realise some online tools become lifesavers.

Here are my recommended tools to get you started. Be careful not to get a bunch of online tools all at once. There is always a bit of a learning curve at first, even with the easiest ones. And over time juggling too many tools becomes a challenge.

My recommendations:

• Worldclock to make sure you are on the same page of your clients and team when you set meetings and agree on deliverables.

• Skype and Google Hangouts for online meetings (these are my favourite ones, but there is also Zoom and Whatsapp).

• Google Drive to store and share files (there is also WeTransfer).

• Trello to manage project phases, create to do lists and checklists, and assign tasks in a collaborative environment.

• Avaza to create invoices and request payments.

• Skype Number to have a local phone number your clients can call (alternatively, you can register for a local business phone number at a co-working office in your hometown; some offices even offer receptionists to screen your calls. Also, you can secure an official business address with these offices)

4. Go to meet-ups around the world

Sometimes managing your business while travelling long-term makes you disconnected from people. The combination of working hours and new places with zero acquaintances might isolate you.

Avoid this by attending meet-ups in the places you visit. Co-working and co-living spaces are a great starting point for meeting people. These spaces usually schedule networking and training events as well. And if you can’t attend these types of events, check the available meet-ups along your way.

My recommendation: check local meet ups to network and understand how people in your field are working worldwide.

5. Get involved in digital nomad communities

When you travel long term, and manage a business at the same time, you have specific needs. You are not a regular tourist or a worry-free backpacker, so the traditional travel industry information may not apply to you.

Digital nomad communities, on the other hand, can provide you with the specific info you need, as these travellers have hands-on experience of working on-the-go. They can make your life easier regarding the travel planning side of things.

My recommendation: join social media groups, such as Global Digital Nomads FB Group & Digital Nomads Girls FB Group. Check out the info and forum on https://nomadlist.com/.

Being a business owner is never easy, but you will have extra energy to succeed if, in your free time, you are hanging out with like-minded people. Like having a beer while overlooking the Seine river in Paris, or doing your daily exercise at the beachside in Rio de Janeiro. These fulfilling experiences boost your motivation to keep remote work as a long-term decision.

Source : FlyingSolo

This article by By Karen Valadares is reproduced with the permission of Flying Solo – Australia’s micro business community. Find out more and join over 100k others.

Important:
This provides general information and hasn’t taken your circumstances into account. It’s important to consider your particular circumstances before deciding what’s right for you. Any information provided by the author detailed above is separate and external to our business and our Licensee. Any information provided by the author detailed above is separate and external to our business and our Licensee. Neither our business, nor our Licensee take any responsibility for any action or any service provided by the author.

Any links have been provided with permission for information purposes only and will take you to external websites, which are not connected to our company in any way. Note: Our company does not endorse and is not responsible for the accuracy of the contents/information contained within the linked site(s) accessible from this page.

Many parents approach the topic of money differently, but could your way of doing things influence your kids’ success?

The majority of Aussie mums and dads recognise that they’re accountable when it comes to shaping their children’s perspective around money matters.

A recent report published by the Financial Planning Association of Australia (FPA), revealed parents listed themselves (95%), followed by grandparents (63%) and teachers or coaches (59%) as the top three biggest influencers when it came to instilling money values in their kids¹.

What money conversations are parents having?

As part of the research, parents said they mainly concentrated on day-to-day issues when talking money with their children, admitting that more contemporary issues, such as making transactions digitally, were sometimes overlooked².

What parents said they discussed³:

• 52% – how to spend and save

• 43% – how to earn money

• 32% – how household budgeting works

• 24% – how much people earn

• 19% – making online purchases

• 13% – in-game app purchases

• 5% – buy now, pay later services, such as Afterpay.

What approach do you take with your kids?

The research undertaken indicated that there were four prominent personalities parents assumed when discussing money with their children, with some parents initiating conversations more frequently, while others were sometimes a little more hesitant⁴.

The four distinct personalities that came out of the research included⁵:

The engaging parent

Common traits:

• You have the most conversations around money with your kids and feel comfortable doing so

• You tend to have a higher household income

• You’re more likely to use money to encourage good behaviour in your children

• Due to high engagement, your kids are often more financially prepared than other kids

• Your kids have a greater interest in learning about all types of money matters.

The side-stepping parent

Common traits:

• You are less comfortable talking to your kids about money so have fewer conversations

• You may have less money coming in as a household

• You’re less transparent about what you earn and money matters in general

• You tend to provide the least amount of pocket money and as a result your children may be less interested in learning about money and how to make transactions.

The relaxed parent

Common traits:

• You’re comfortable talking to your kids about money but don’t do so too often

• You take a relaxed approach to money matters and are transparent about money issues

• There is little financial stress in your home

• Your relaxed nature may lead to your children missing out on opportunities to learn about money, which means your kids may need to explore money matters on their own.

The do-it-anyway parent

Common traits:

• You’re not always comfortable talking about money but still have frequent conversations

• You’re mainly concerned your child will worry about money if you talk about it

• Despite your discomfort, your perseverance generally pays off

• Your teenage children are more likely to have a job than the average child.

What approach is best according to the research?

Engaging parents were more likely to report that their children were more curious, confident, and financially literate than they were at their age⁶.

According to parents who fell into this category, their children were the most equipped to understand and transact in today’s digital world and their teenagers were the most likely to have a job and make online purchases for themselves or their family⁷.

In addition, the research found children with a paid job outside of the family home were more financially prepared to engage with money⁸.

They were also used to transacting digitally and showed greater interest in learning about paying taxes and superannuation than those who didn’t have a job⁹.

1-9 Financial Planning Association of Australia: Share the Dream – Research into raising the invisible-money generation 2018 page 6, 14, 15, 13

Source : AMP February 2019 

Important:
This information is provided by AMP Life Limited. It is general information only and hasn’t taken your circumstances into account. It’s important to consider your particular circumstances and the relevant Product Disclosure Statement or Terms and Conditions, available by calling |PHONE|, before deciding what’s right for you.

All information in this article is subject to change without notice. Although the information is from sources considered reliable, AMP and our company do not guarantee that it is accurate or complete. You should not rely upon it and should seek professional advice before making any financial decision. Except where liability under any statute cannot be excluded, AMP and our company do not accept any liability for any resulting loss or damage of the reader or any other person.

While nearly half are sad to see their children move out, nine in 10 say they’re travelling more, with some even making cash from the extra space at home.

It’s usually inevitable your kids are going to grow up and one day move out of home. And, while research shows that women are generally more upset at the prospect of this than men are, the good news is many people report that once they come to terms with it, there are a number of upsides¹.

These were the findings from The Empty Nesters report (the 14th instalment of The Australian Seniors Series), which revealed the best thing about kids leaving the nest, according to those who’d said goodbye, was parents had the place to themselves and (hooray) there was less cleaning up to do².

Out of those surveyed, nearly 75% said they were also loving the extra time they had, while almost 70% said their financial position had changed for the better³.

If you’re still getting your head around the situation (maybe you’re one of the four in 10 feeling a bit sad or would’ve loved if your kids stayed at home for longer⁴), we explore the upsides more closely.

The financial benefits

According to the research, 70% of those whose kids had left home said they had more disposable income, with 68% saying they were in a better financial position and 56% saying they felt less guilty when it came to splashing out and spending a bit of money on themselves⁵.

Almost a third also said they had turned their children’s rooms into a space for short-term accommodation (earning an average of $1,632 in the last 12 months)⁶, or a place where they could indulge in their own hobbies or interests, which was also helping a number of seniors to make extra cash on the side (specifically $2,584 on average in the last 12 months)⁷. This extra money generally came from offering services on a freelance basis or selling collectibles and creations⁸.

The lifestyle benefits

In terms of the lifestyle benefits, about 41% of seniors whose children had left home were finding more time to exercise, with walking, going to the gym and golfing topping the list of people’s favourites, followed by swimming and yoga⁹.

Seniors’ social lives were also peaking, with nearly half of those surveyed saying they were spending more time hanging with mates, eating out and going to the movies¹⁰.

On top of that, over 90% of empty nesters were travelling more often and for longer periods of time in comparison to when their kids were living at home¹¹.

1-11 Australian Seniors Series: Empty Nesters Data Report – September 2018 page 8, 11, 24, 14, 38, 35, 37, 37, 27, 28, 29

Source : AMP March 2019 

By Flying Solo contributor Andrew Griffiths

One of the most common challenges facing many of us in business is getting stuff done. It feels like there are more tasks continually being added to our day, resulting in working more hours. And when it comes to those bigger projects that are really important to us, the time lines seem to keep getting moved, leading to a sense of frustration and a lack of progress. What to do?

This year I’ve adopted a new approach that is working really well for me. Rather than doing a 12 month plan (or for that matter a two or three year plan – something that was common a few years back but now seems crazy), I work to a 100 day plan. This simple shift is surprisingly powerful and easy to do.

At the beginning of the year I set up my first 100 day plan – with the key projects I had to get done in that time. This covered projects I’m doing for clients as well as projects I’m doing for myself. There is something about the 100 day time frame that is both long enough and short enough to make it work.

I use my plan for my bigger projects (writing that next book, developing that new programme) as well as implementing smaller but important changes into my day to day routine (things like eating better, exercising more etc).

“If you’re getting frustrated by not getting enough done, you need to read this.“

Our 100 day plan can have three simple parts:

1. Your specific goals and objectives for the next 100 days.

2. A list of the key projects to be undertaken in that period (allowing some room for the unexpected projects that will always turn up).

3. A day-by-day planner for the 100 days.

One of the nicest and most practical things about the 100 day plan is the fact that it can start tomorrow. It doesn’t have to be tied into the start of the year, or some other auspicious date. And when the 100 days is close to being done, you simply map out your next 100 day plan.

I have to say, I’m surprised at how effective this simple planning tool actually is. It’s not a new idea, I’ve certainly come across it over the years in various places, but I never tried it – preferring to do a 12 month plan. But it works, and it works really well.

If you are feeling frustrated because you’re not getting enough done, try doing a 100 day plan and see how it works for you. I think you’re going to be as surprised as I was at the results you achieve. It’s exciting to think of what you will get done in this period. It’s achievable, it feels more immediate and measuring progress by ticking of the days is kinda cool.

For me, the 100 day plan is the tool I was missing. I love them and I’m telling everyone about them. Give it I a go and see how it works for you. The simplest of ideas in business tend to be the ones that provide the best results.

Source : FlyingSolo

This article by Andrew Griffiths is reproduced with the permission of Flying Solo – Australia’s micro business community. Find out more and join over 100k others. 
 

Important:
This provides general information and hasn’t taken your circumstances into account. It’s important to consider your particular circumstances before deciding what’s right for you. Any information provided by the author detailed above is separate and external to our business and our Licensee. Any information provided by the author detailed above is separate and external to our business and our Licensee. Neither our business, nor our Licensee take any responsibility for any action or any service provided by the author.

Any links have been provided with permission for information purposes only and will take you to external websites, which are not connected to our company in any way. Note: Our company does not endorse and is not responsible for the accuracy of the contents/information contained within the linked site(s) accessible from this page.